Communication class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication class - Assignment Example In the long run, such power produces dysfunctional behavior. The film The Lion King is replete with scenes that exhibit the use of coercive power. This is evident in the way Simba forcefully grabs the throne of Pride Lands and uses coercive power in his rule. Following the death of Musafa, Scar takes over the throne of Pride Lands. Under his leadership, he exhibits a high degree of coercive power. For instance, Zazu is confined to a bone cage singing while Scar lazily lies about chewing on bones ("Internet Movie Database").when Zazu complains of his predicament and mentions that he never experienced the same under Mufasa, Scar scolds him and reminds him that the law requires them never to mention Mufasa’s name. Meanwhile, as Shenzi, Banzai and Ed complain about scarcity of food and water as well as the refusal of lionesses to hunt, Scar solution to them is to eat Zulu. Thus, it is evident that coercive power results in an atmosphere of insecurity and fear. When Scar confronts and asks Sarabi why the lionesses had refused to hunt, Sarabi answers that the herds had opted to leave Pride Rock. She then compares him to Mufasa. This angers Scar, who cruelly hits Sarabi. This typifies the fact that coercive power reduces people’s satisfaction with their jobs and therefore leads to lack of commitment and general withdrawal. Another instance where coercive power is manifested in the movie is the scene of Simba’s arrives in the Pride Land to take his rightful throne. On his arrival, Simba confronts Scar, and demands that he steps down from the throne or fight. The use of the threat of violence clearly depicts the use of coercive power. Even so, Scar retreats back by prompting Simba to confess who was responsible for Mufasa’s death ("Internet Movie Database"). In this regard, Simba confessed that he was responsible for Mufasa’s death, though it was accidental. This prompts Mufasa to use coercive power so as to maintain the throne. Thus, he accuses

A Report Of The Nervous System

A Report Of The Nervous System The report are divided into two parts. first we will be talking about the Organization of the Nervous System, that includes the Peripheral Nervous system, and the Central Nervous system, then we will move on to the Brain and Behavior part, where we will start to talk about the brain and listing down the three major regions of the brains, and how each brain has its own functions different than the other regions, even though they are all located in the brain. In this report, you will find information about organs or nervous systems found in the human body, beginning with the definitions, describing its structure and functions in the body, illnesses or disorders that affects that part in the body. Part 1: Organization of Nervous System: Introduction: The Nervous System is a world in itself, weve learned only the little tidbits of its secrets, but there are many of what we still do not know, and in this section of the report, we will try to identify the anatomic configuration of the nervous system, its division and branches, and the function of each part of it, and the problems resulting in every part. The communication in the nervous system is essential to behavior. If youve wondered how you are aware of the elements in the environment surrounding you, you hear with your ears and see with your eyes, and be aware of many things by touching and smelling and tasting, following this awareness a response coming from you, so you move or talk or touch and hold things. You receive the influential in a very short time, and this can be done by the nervous system, moreover, the nervous system controls the other organs that works voluntary such as holding up things or the involuntary such as heartbeat rate. Nervous System chart Nervous system sections: The nervous system are divided into two main divisions: Peripheral Nervous System. Central Nervous System CNS. (the brain and spinal cord) First comes first. We will start with the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system: is made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord. Nerves are bundled of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system are made off nerves and neurons that sends and receive information to and from the brain. The peripheral nervous system are subdivided into two parts, the autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system. Let us have a look at the Autonomic Nervous System. Autonomic Nervous System: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands. The autonomic nervous system function is to maintain the internal environment of the human body in a stable state, sometimes called homeostasis. Maintaining and balancing the internal environment by controlling visceral organ functions that people dont normally think about. like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion and perspiration. The Autonomic nervous system mobilized bodily resources in times of need. Just as its name, this nervous system works automatically, without the control or conscious of the individuals, these which we do not directly control are like closing your eyes, the increase of heartbeat, sweat or produce saliva by stimulating our salivary glands. For example, right when you first experience fear, the Autonomic nervous system will start and work on to control the involuntary, visceral functions that are difficult to control consciously. How it does it work: when you see something frightening or threatening your life, and happens to throw fear into you, your heartbeat rate will rise, sweating, pupil dilation, goose bumps and increased respiration. Even thought the Autonomic nervous system works unconsciously, we can sometimes be aware that our heartbeat rate has increased. One of the first psychologists to study this reaction is Walter Cannon (1932). He referred it to as the fight-or-light response reaction. Cannon monitored this response from cats after confronting them with dogs. From his observation on the cats response, he concluded that what prepares generally any organisms physiologically for attacking (fight) or fleeing from (flight) the enemy is the response to a threat, or when faced to danger. Illness and diseases affecting the Autonomic Nervous System: There are diseases and illnesses affecting the autonomic nervous system, causing a disorder in the system, which this disorder effects the controlling of the heartbeat rate and blood pressure of the body that can lead into causing serious problems to the patient, some of these disorders can be life-threatening when they affect the breathing or heart function of the patient. Some of these diseases are Diabetes, Alcoholism and Parkinsons disease. Disorders made by the diseases can either affect the whole system, or a part of it. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions: The Autonomic Nervous System are subdivided into the Sympathetic division and the Parasympathetic division. The Sympathetic Division: The sympathetic division is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the bodys resources for emergencies. As we stated before, the sympathetic nervous system is a sub part of the Autonomic Nervous System. This system is responsible for controlling functions that mobilize the bodys resources under stress, such as the fight or flight response, and the other energy generation forms as well. Not only the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body when faced with stress or emergencies, but it also serves other vital purposes. Example, if you stand up after being setting down for a long period of time, your blood pressure will raise, else you may fall unconscious. The sympathetic nervous system also works in increasing your heartbeat rate and perspiration during exercises. Diseases affecting the Sympathetic nervous system: A disease affecting the sympathetic nervous system known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS). The signs of this dieses are the heightened sensitivity to heat and cold, excessive sweating, and limbs being warm to the touch. The causes of this dieses are not confirmed, but its seems to be associated with some forms of nerve injury. The Parasympathetic Division: Like the sympathetic, it is a sub part of the Autonomic Nervous System, and most what the parasympathetic division controls are visceral and involuntary organs, such as breathing and blood pressure and heartbeat rate, But it differ from the sympathetic division in its activities. The parasympathetic division are responsible in controlling the body organs when in an relaxed or normal state. Some of its activities when the conditions are met, and those condition can be met when the person are calmed and relaxed, is reducing the heartbeat rate, slow down the respiratory rate, increases perspiration and salivation and smaller eye pupils. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions activities are the opposite of each other, but they work together to maintain stability in the body when a certain external condition are met and calls for the division that are responsible to act in such situation. Much like an automobile accelerators and brakes. The Central Nervous System: The Central Nervous System are responsible of controlling the whole body, regulating the functions of the body. The Central Nervous System are the control center of the body. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The Central Nervous system lies within the skull and the spinal column, protected by enclosing sheaths known as the meninges, additionally, the central nervous system is covered by the cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion for it. Ventricles are the hollow cavities in the brain that are filled with CSF. Diseases affecting the central nervous system: diseases and infections of the central nervous system are many, some of these diseases are Alzheimers disease. The Spinal Cord and The Brain: So we know now that the Central Nervous System consists of two things, the brain and the spinal cord. Let us have a look at these two organs: The Spinal Cord: Basically, the spinal cord is an extension of the brain. The spinal cord are located at the back of the body and are enclosed by the backbone Vertebral column, running from the base of the brain to below the waist, and are covered by the meninges. The spinal cord connects the brain to the whole body through the peripheral nervous system, conducting sensory information to the brain from the peripheral nervous system, And from the brain, the spinal cord works on conducting motor information to the glands, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. The Spinal cord also serves as a minor reflex center. The spinal cord consist of bundles of axons, and these axons carry out the commands from the brain to the peripheral nerves, that relays sensation from the periphery of the body to the brain. Spinal Cord Injury: Injury to the spinal cord can damage it, causing a partial or full paralysis to the body. Injury can be a result from a car accident or from a serious fall, or any other form of injury that damages the spinal cord, like a gunshot. The Brain: The brain is the part that of the central nervous system that fills the upper part of the brain. The brain is enclosed by the skull. The average weighs of the brain are 1.3 kg, three pounds, and contains billions of nerve cells that links and relays information in and outside the body, Such as coordinating the body actions and movements, talking, thinking, remembering, planning, creating and dreaming. The brain are covered by the meninges, moreover, the brain contains bundles of axons, that works on receiving sensory information from its own nerves, as well as from the spinal cord. Brain Injury: Injuries to the brain can be the result of a car accident, or any other form of damage or hit directed to the head. Childrens or infants can possibly get a brain injury if shaken violently. Part 2: The Brain and Behavior Introduction: The Brain, and how it controls our behavior. All of the body movements, thinking, dreaming, talking, remembering, feeling, and any other actions, are controlled by the brain. The Brain is the control room of your body. From the brain, commands are issued and sent to the whole body, and these commands are carried out, in and out by the nerves. In this part of the report, we will shed some light on the brain, and how every region in the brain has functions different than the other regions, even though they are located in the same organ. The Three Regions of the Brain: The brain has three regions, The Hindbrain, the Midbrain and the forebrain. The location of the three regions are the same, but differ in function and size of region. The Forebrain is taking the largest portion of the brain, then comes the Hindbrain, and smallest is the Midbrain. Structure and Areas of the Brain: The Hindbrain: The hindbrain includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons. The controlling of essential body function and process, such as heartbeat rate and respiration, is the Hindbrain responsibility. An important part of the Hindbrain, the brainstem, controls functions such as swallowing and breathing, and any other critical functions that affect the life of the living being. The Medulla are attached to the spinal cord, controls unconscious vital functions, such as blood pressure, heartbeat rate, swallowing, breathing and coughing. The Medulla works without relying on the thoughts of the person, It works by itself. The pons, sometimes called the Bridge, because of its form of structure which looks like a bridge connecting between the medulla and the cerebellum. From its structure form, we can know that it works on sending signals to and from the cerebellum and the cerebrum, a part located in the forebrain. The Pons contains clusters of cell bodies that helps in controlling movements and sleep. The Cerebellum, which means Little brain in Latin, Is a large and a folded structure located rear lower portion of the brain. The role of the cerebellum is providing feedback and fine-tuning for motor output. The cerebellum controls movements and smoothing them up, such as when you bring up your hand and smoothly bring your finger to a stop on your nose, and how you walk, and every action or movement that people make without any thinking about them or concentration, are coordinated by the cerebellum. The Midbrain: The midbrain is the segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain. The Midbrain, The smallest region of the brain regions, are responsible for visual and auditory and motor system information station. motor and sensory functions are directly controlled by the midbrain. An Important system of dopamine- releasing neurons, which originates in the midbrain, projects into various high centers of the brain. Conscious, voluntary movements has dopamine system are involved in their performance. Degeneration or decline in dopamine synthesis is associated with Parkinsons disease. The reticular formation, which are located at the central core of the brainstem, is the structure that runs through the hindbrain and the midbrain. The reticular formation contribute in the modulate of breathing, reflexes and pain perception. The Forebrain: The forebrain is the largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a verity of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum. The three structures, the Thalamus, hypothalamus and the limbic system, form the core of the forebrain. The location of the three structures are near the top of the brainstem. The cerebrum sits above the three structures. The cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain, is the wrinkled surface of the cerebrum. So now we know that the Forebrain, which takes the biggest portion of the brain, and the biggest of the three regions, consists of four structures, the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic system and cerebrum. Let us have a quick look on each structure and its activities and functions. The Thalamus: The thalamus is a structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex. The Thalamus which is located at the top of the brainstem, is responsible for relaying sensory information to a particular part of the cortex, and regulating motor control. It also works on receiving information and signals from various brain areas, such as auditory, visual sensory, and samotosensory signals. The Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is a structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs.

Playstation Vs. Nintendo 64 :: essays research papers

Video games are taking the entertainment business by storm. Systems are constantly improving and new systems are always in the process. The two latest systems are the Nintendo 64 and the Sony Playstation. Both have similar qualities, but they are very different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Software selection is a key point when in comes to deciding on a system. A few of the latest games, Madden 99, WWF Warzone, and NHL 99, have been made for both systems. However, the Playstation has a greater variety of role playing games. Playstation would be a better choice for someone who enjoys role playing games. It also has many more games than the Nintendo 64 does. Playstation has been out on the market for a longer period of time than Nintendo 64, this is why it has more games than Nintendo 64.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When it comes to graphics, the Playstation wins again. All of the Nintendo 64 games have polygonal graphics, where the Playstation can also support film graphics for games that star real life actions. If the gamer enjoys watching a story line in a real life situation, Playstation would be the better choice to go with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When it comes to wait time, the Nintendo 64 blows away the Playstation. Some games for the Playstation take up to a minute to load. This is due to the fact that the system uses compact discs for software. On the other hand, Nintendo 64 uses cartridges. These load instantly. If you have no patients for waiting on a game to load, then Nintendo 64 is the better choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accessorizing the systems is a minor point, but it is still there. The Nintendo 64 comes with four controller ports, so no additional purchase is necessary (besides the actual controllers). The Playstation, however, comes with only two controller ports.

“The Filipino Penchant for Beauty Products and Whitener Reflects That Colonial Outlook on Beauty”

Dasmarinas East National High School San Simon, Dasmarinas City â€Å"The Filipino penchant for beauty products and whitener reflects that colonial outlook on beauty† Tittle: In a Partial Fulfilment in English IV IV- Pearl ______________ _____________ Prepared by: Prepared to: Chapter 1 Introduction A. Backround of the Study For so many years beauty has been a center of attraction to all. It can be considered as one of the major aspects of an individual’s life. Beauty is defined as â€Å"any of those qualities of objects, sounds, emotional or intellectual concepts, behavior, etc.That gratify or arouse admiration to a high degree, especially by the perfection of form resulting from the harmonious combination of diverse elements in unity†. A person appears beautiful when seen perfectly. And most of the Filipinos are aware of that statement. Filipinos want to become beautiful, that even using so many cosmetic product just to beautify will do. This research entitled â€Å"The Filipino Penchant for beauty products and whiteners reflects the colonial outlook in beauty,† aims to prove that Filipino’s tend to believe that physical beauty is an edge among others.Specifying that beauty has been the most favourable and considerable things over others. The three major reasons why beauty matters are: beauty creates energy, beauty debriefs tension and beauty helps our self esteem. One tends to attract positive energies resulting to positive outlook in life, whenever there is a satisfaction in someone’s beauty. Beauty really helps in developing one’s self-esteem. Because it will eventually lead to the confidence of oneself. The researchers tend to believe that physical beauty is fashion that makes an individual creative, physically and mentally creative.People usually use beauty as an instrument on socializing. â€Å"The face isphysical, therefore personal and intimate, yet the face is also made up and subject to fashion. â₠¬  Acceptance in terms of beauty cannot be avoided, based on what the researcher experienced. It is the nature of aech and every one . And it is observed especially on the side of women, which feels more pressure than men in terms of beautification. â€Å"Millions of women, of all ages and countries and ethnicities, feel pressures to look different than they do, to gain the esteem of others and acceptance in their own eyes.Some men feel similar pressures, though not often and seldom as with as much force, for in nearly human societies beauty is more vigourously required of women than men. Men can feel good about themselves on the basis of power, wealth and achievement. Women in industrial societies gain self-esteem from those things too, but they are also required to be beautiful or at least to present themselves beautifully,† It seems that women are required to be presented beautifully at all time. That’s why beauty products and procedures are the requirements to ach ieve the said edge among others. Beauty is the state of mind†¦ when you feel beautiful, you are beautiful!A good appreance shows that you respect yourself. When people see that, they feel respect for you too. When you give respect, you get respect. † This statement appeals that you should be thinking positive, be confident, and don’t be afraid of what other say. But as the researchers observed, this does not exist anymore. When people want to become beautiful, they will apply make-up, skin whiteners, etc. but then, for others who cannot afford, then why not take optimism? so that insecurity will never be an arguing issue. Although considered as the edge for millions of people, beauty needs so many painful ways first before achieving it. â€Å"Beauty gives pleasure even if achieving it could be painful. † Some people, most especially Filipinos work hard to attain the beauty preference of the majority. According on the website that we have visited, â€Å"on t he average of forty percent of the Filipinos population has tried some form of whitening treatment or applied whitening cream to their skin. The Filipinos are vain; very vain.Skin whitening is just one of the many things that Filipinos would go through to stand up to Filipino standard of beauty. † This leads to the researcher’s conclusions that Filipinos are seriously decided on how they will appear to others, believing that white is beauty. According to Stephen M. Smith â€Å"Looks may not be everything, but physical good news usually work in one’s favour. Such is the conclusion of a quarters century’s worth of research on physical attractiveness effects. Physical attractive individuals are often viewed more favourably than unattractiveness effects.Physical attractive individual are often viewed more favourably than unattractive people on dimensions that are weakly related or unrelated to physical looks, such as intelligience, sociability and morality. à ¢â‚¬Å"That’s exactly what the researcher mean, that beauty favourability cannot be avoided or diminished in every aspects of life. Especiallyin Filipinos who really considered that beauty is an edge among others. Dasmarinas East National High School English IV IV- PearlResearch Title: â€Å"The Filipino penchant for beauty products and whitener reflects that colonial outlook on beauty† We IV- Pearl students are conducting a Research Paper as a requirement for our subject in English IV. To be able to know the possible reason why Filipino tend to believe that physical beauty is an edge over others, we are now requesting you to help us in this survey. Please check the box for your appropriate answers answer the open questions truthfully. Any answers will be treated confidentially and will be only used as data for this research.Name: __________________________________ Address: _____________________Gender: ___ Survey Question: 1. Do you use beauty products, whiteners? Yes N o 2. What products do you usually use? Face Powder Body Lotion Hair Creme Lipstick 3. Why do you uses those products? ___________________________________ 4. Which one do you think you cannot live without? ____________________________________ 5. When did you start using these products? ____________________________________ 6. Are you satisfied by the result? Yes No . Do you plan it to use it continuously? ___________________________________ 8. Who influence you to use those products? ___________________________________ 9. What advantage do you think you have over others by using these products? ___________________________________ 10. Do you believe that physical beauty is an edge over others? Yes No Dasmarinas East National High School English IV IV- Pearl Research Title: â€Å"The Filipino penchant for beauty products and whitener reflects that colonial outlook on beauty†We IV- Pearl students are conducting a Research Paper as a requirement for our subject in English IV. To be able to know the possible reason why Filipino tend to believe that physical beauty is an edge over others, we are now requesting you to help us in this survey. Please check the box for your appropriate answers answer the open questions truthfully. Any answers will be treated confidentially and will be only used as data for this research. Name: __________________________________ Address: _____________________Gender: ___ Survey Question: 1. Do you use beauty products, whiteners?Yes No 2. What products do you usually use? Face Powder Body Lotion Hair Creme Lipstick 3. Why do you uses those products? ___________________________________ 4. Which one do you think you cannot live without? ____________________________________ 5. When did you start using these products? ____________________________________ 6. Are you satisfied by the result? Yes No 7. Do you plan it to use it continuously? ___________________________________ 8. Who influence you to use those products? ______________________ ____________ 9. What advantage do you think you have over others by using these products? ___________________________________ 10. Do you believe that physical beauty is an edge over others? Yes No Scope and Delimitation This study focuses on how the Filipinos’ penchant to beauty products and whitener reflect the colonial outlook on beauty. The respondents were randomly selected and are composed of 15 female and 10 male students and non student. This study will no longer discuss the different brand of those identified cosmetic products.The researchers gathered information through the use of some relevant books that can be found in the Pambayang Aklatan ng Dasmarinas, internet sources. Statement of the Problem This study aims to answer the following question: 1. What are the beauty products commonly used by Filipinos? 2. Why do Filipinos use those said beauty products? 3. What should be the true concept of beauty? 4. Why do Filipinos tend to believe that physical appreance is a n edge among others? Significance of the Study The finding of this study will benefit the following groups of people:Future Researcher: This research paper can be used as a reference if there is a certain relation between the topics. Filipinos: They will be able to realize that physical appereance is not the only favourable thing above all. They will be able to assess the do’s and dont’s regarding using cosmetic products. Definition of Terms: Ethnicities- A particular ethnic affiliation group (student of divers ethnicities), e. g. A university that aggressively recruits the student body of diverse ethnicities. Harmonious- Having the parts agreeably related: — (blended into a harmonious), e. . the living was decorated in harmonious color. Vain- Unsuccessful: he maid a vain attempt to reach the drowning woman. E. g. she is very vain about her appereance. Transcends- Changing the person. E. g. she was able to transcend her own suffering and help others. Beauty- Phy sical appereance which is considered as the edge over others. E. g. we explored the natural beauty of island. Penchant- A strong and continued inclination broadly: liking. E. g. a penchant for sitting by the window and staring moodily of into space. Vigourously- Carried out forcefully and energetically.E. g. she give a vigourous defense of her beliefs. Cosmetic- Designed to increase the beauty and hide the defects of something, especially the face; he had a cosmetic surgery to improve the shape of his nose. E. g. almond oil is sometimes used in cosmetic products. Statement of the Problem This study aims to answer the following question: 1. What are the beauty products commonly used by Filipinos? 2. Why do Filipinos use those said beauty products? 3. What should be the true concept of beauty? 4. Why do Filipinos tend to believe that physical appreance is an edge among others?Significance of the Study The finding of this study will benefit the following groups of people: Future Resear cher: This research paper can be used as a reference if there is a certain relation between the topics. Filipinos: They will be able to realize that physical appereance is not the only favourable thing above all. They will be able to assess the do’s and dont’s regarding using cosmetic products. Definition of Terms: Ethnicities- A particular ethnic affiliation group (student of divers ethnicities), e. g. A university that aggressively recruits the student body of diverse ethnicities.Harmonious- Having the parts agreeably related: — (blended into a harmonious), e. g. the living was decorated in harmonious color. Vain- Unsuccessful: he maid a vain attempt to reach the drowning woman. E. g. she is very vain about her appereance. Transcends- Changing the person. E. g. she was able to transcend her own suffering and help others. Beauty- Physical appereance which is considered as the edge over others. E. g. we explored the natural beauty of island. It can be either dev eloped the humane values because in our life today is taking the advantage of being beautiful or handsome .

East and West by Rabindranath Tagore Essay

I It is not always a profound interest in man that carries travellers nowadays to distant lands. More often it is the facility for rapid movement. For lack of time and for the sake of convenience we generalise and crush our human facts into the packages within the steel trunks that hold our travellers’ reports. Our knowledge of our own countrymen and our feelings about them have slowly and unconsciously grown out of innumerable facts which are full of contradictions and subject to incessant change. They have the elusive mystery and fluidity of life. We cannot define to ourselves what we are as a whole, because we know too much; because our knowledge is more than knowledge. It is an immediate consciousness of personality, any evaluation of which carries some emotion, joy or sorrow, shame or exaltation. But in a foreign land we try to find our compensation for the meagreness of our data by the compactness of the generalisation which our imperfect sympathy itself helps us to form. When a stranger from the West travels in the Eastern world he takes the facts that displease him and readily makes use of them for his rigid conclusions, fixed upon the unchallengeable authority of his personal experience. It is like a man who has his own boat for crossing his village stream, but, on being compelled to wade across some strange watercourse, draws angry comparisons as he goes from every patch of mud and every pebble which his feet encounter. Our mind has faculties which are universal, but its habits are insular. There are men who become impatient and angry at the least discomfort when their habits are incommoded. In their idea of the next world they probably conjure up the ghosts of their slippers and dressing-gowns, and expect the latchkey that opens their lodging-house door on earth to fit their front door in the other world. As travellers they are a failure; for they have grown too accustomed to their mental easy-chairs, and in their intellectual nature love home co mforts, which are of local make, more than the realities of life, which, like earth itself, are full of ups and downs, yet are one in their rounded completeness. The modern age has brought the geography of the earth near to us, but made it difficult for us to come into touch with man. We go to strange lands and observe; we do not live there. We hardly meet men: but only specimens of knowledge. We are in haste to seek for general types and overlook individuals. When we fall into the habit of neglecting to use the understanding that comes of sympathy in our travels, our knowledge of foreign people grows insensitive, and therefore easily becomes both unjust and cruel in its character, and also selfish and contemptuous in its application. Such has, too often, been the case with regard to the meeting of Western people in our days with others for whom they do not recognise any obligation of kinship. It has been admitted that the dealings between different races of men are not merely between individuals; that our mutual understanding is either aided, or else obstructed, by the general emanations forming the social atmosphere. These emanations are our collective ideas and collective feelings, generated according to special historical circumstances. For instance, the caste-idea is a collective idea in India. When we approach an Indian who is under the influence of this collective idea, he is no longer a pure individual with his conscience fully awake to the judging of the value of a human being. He is more or less a passive medium for giving expression to the sentiment of a whole community. It is evident that the caste-idea is not creative; it is merely institutional. It adjusts human beings according to some mechanical arrangement. It emphasises the negative side of the individual–his separateness. It hurts the complete truth in man. In the West, also, the people have a certain collective idea that obscures their humanity. Let me try to explain what I feel about it. II Lately I went to visit some battlefields of France which had been devastated by war. The awful calm of desolation, which still bore wrinkles of pain–death-struggles stiffened into ugly ridges–brought before my mind the vision of a huge demon, which had no shape, no meaning, yet had two arms that could strike and break and tear, a gaping mouth that could devour, and bulging brains that could conspire and plan. It was a purpose, which had a living body, but no complete humanity to temper it. Because it was passion–belonging to life, and yet not having the wholeness of life–it was the most terrible of life’s enemies. Something of the same sense of oppression in a different degree, the same desolation in a different aspect, is produced in my mind when I realise the effect of the West upon Eastern life–the West which, in its relation to us, is all plan and purpose incarnate, without any superfluous humanity. I feel the contrast very strongly in Ja pan. In that country the old world presents itself with some ideal of perfection, in which man has his varied opportunities of self-revelation in art, in ceremonial, in religious faith, and in customs expressing the poetry of social relationship. There one feels that deep delight of hospitality which life offers to life. And side by side, in the same soil, stands the modern world, which is stupendously big and powerful, but inhospitable. It has no simple-hearted welcome for man. It is living; yet the incompleteness of life’s ideal within it cannot but hurt humanity. The wriggling tentacles of a cold-blooded utilitarianism, with which the West has grasped all the easily yielding succulent portions of the East, are causing pain and indignation throughout the Eastern countries. The West comes to us, not with the imagination and sympathy that create and unite, but with a shock of passion–passion for power and wealth. This passion is a mere force, which has in it the principle of separation, of conflict. I have been fortunate in coming into close touch with individual men and women of the Western countries, and have felt with them their sorrows and shared their aspirations. I have known that they seek the same God, who is my God–even those who deny Him. I feel certain that, if the great light of culture be extinct in Europe, our horizon in the East will mourn in darkness. It does not hurt my pride to acknowledge that, in the present age, Western humanity has received its mission to be the teacher of the world; that her science, through the mastery of laws of nature, is to liberate human souls from the dark dungeon of matter. For this very reason I have realised all the more strongly, on the other hand, that the dominant collective idea in the Western countries is not creative. It is ready to enslave or kill individuals, to drug a great people with soul-killing poison, darkening their whole future with the black mist of stupefaction, and emasculating entire races of men to the utmost degree of helplessness. It is wholly wanting in spiritual power to blend and harmonise; it lacks the sense of the great personality of man. The most significant fact of modern days is this, that the West has met the East. Such a momentous meeting of humanity, in order to be fruitful, must have in its heart some great emotional idea, generous and creative. There can be no doubt that God’s choice has fallen upon the knights-errant of the West for the service of the present age; arms and armour have been given to them; but have they yet realised in their hearts the single-minded loyalty to their cause which can resist all temptations of bribery from the devil? The world to-day is offered to the West. She will destroy it, if she does not use it for a great creation of man. The materials for such a creation are in the hands of science; but the creative genius is in Man’s spiritual ideal. III When I was young a stranger from Europe came to Bengal. He chose his lodging among the people of the country, shared with them their frugal diet, and freely offered them his service. He found employment in the houses of the rich, teaching them French and German, and the money thus earned he spent to help poor students in buying books. This meant for him hours of walking in the mid-day heat of a tropical summer; for, intent upon exercising the utmost economy, he refused to hire conveyances. He was pitiless in his exaction from himself of his resources, in money, time, and strength, to the point of privation; and all this for the sake of a people who were obscure, to whom he was not born, yet whom he dearly loved. He did not come to us with a professional mission of teaching sectarian creeds; he had not in his nature the least trace of that self-sufficiency of goodness, which humiliates by gifts the victims of its insolent benevolence. Though he did not know our language, he took every occasion to frequent our meetings and ceremonies; yet he was always afraid of intrusion, and tenderly anxious lest he might offend us by his ignorance of our customs. At last, under the continual strain of work in an alien climate and surroundings, his health broke down. He died, and was cremated at our burning-ground, according to his express desire. The attitude of his mind, the manner of his living, the object of his life, his modesty, his unstinted self-sacrifice for a people who had not even the power to give publicity to any benefaction bestowed upon them, were so utterly unlike anything we were accustomed to associate with the Europeans in India, that it gave rise in our mind to a feeling of love bordering upon awe. We all have a realm, a private paradise, in our mind, where dwell deathless memories of persons who brought some divine light to our life’s experience, who may not be known to others, and whose names have no place in the pages of history. Let me confess to you that this man lives as one of those immortals in the paradise of my individual life. He came from Sweden, his name was Hammargren. What was most remarkable in the event of his coming to us in Bengal was the fact that in his own country he had chanced to read some works of my great countryman, Ram Mohan Roy, and felt an immense veneration for his genius and his character. Ram Mohan Roy lived in the beginning of the last century, and it is no exaggeration when I describe him as one of the immortal personalities of modern time. This young Swede had the unusual gift of a far-sighted intellect and sympathy, which enabled him even from his distance of space and time, and in spite of racial differences, to realise the greatness of Ram Mohan Roy. It moved him so deeply that he resolved to go to the country which produced this great man, and offer her his service. He was poor, and he had to wait some time in England before he could earn his passage money to India. There he came at last, and in reckless generosity of love utterly spent himself to the last breath of his life, away from home and kindred and all the inheritances of his motherland. His stay among us was too short to produce any outward result. He failed even to achieve during his life what he had in his mind, which was to found by the help of his scanty earnings a library as a memorial to Ram Mohan Roy, and thus to leave behind him a visible symbol of his devotion. But what I prize most in this European youth, who left no record of his life behind him, is not the memory of any service of goodwill, but the precious gift of respect which he offered to a people who are fallen upon evil times, and whom it is so easy to ignore or to humiliate. For the first time in the modern days this obscure individual from Sweden brought to our country the chivalrous courtesy of the West, a greeting of human fellowship. The coincidence came to me with a great and delightful surprise when the Nobel Prize was offered to me from Sweden. As a recognition of individual merit it was of great value to me, no doubt; but it was the acknowledgment of the East as a collaborator with the Western continents, in contributing its riches to the common stock of civilisation, which had the chief significance for the present age. It meant joining hands in comradeship by the two great hemispheres of the human world across the sea. IV To-day the real East remains unexplored. The blindness of contempt is more hopeless than the blindness of ignorance; for contempt kills the light which ignorance merely leaves unignited. The East is waiting to be understood by the Western races, in order not only to be able to give what is true in her, but also to be confident of her own mission. In Indian history, the meeting of the Mussulman and the Hindu produced Akbar, the object of whose dream was the unification of hearts and ideals. It had all the glowing enthusiasm of a religion, and it produced an immediate and a vast result even in his own lifetime. But the fact still remains that the Western mind, after centuries of contact with the East, has not evolved the enthusiasm of a chivalrous ideal which can bring this age to its fulfilment. It is everywhere raising thorny hedges of exclusion and offering human sacrifices to national self-seeking. It has intensified the mutual feelings of envy among Western races themselves, as th ey fight over their spoils and display a carnivorous pride in their snarling rows of teeth. We must again guard our minds from any encroaching distrust of the individuals of a nation. The active love of humanity and the spirit of martyrdom for the cause of justice and truth which I have met with in the Western countries have been a great lesson and inspiration to me. I have no doubt in my mind that the West owes its true greatness, not so much to its marvellous training of intellect, as to its spirit of service devoted to the welfare of man. Therefore I speak with a personal feeling of pain and sadness about the collective power which is guiding the helm of Western civilisation. It is a passion, not an ideal. The more success it has brought to Europe, the more costly it will prove to her at last, when the accounts have to be rendered. And the signs are unmistakable, that the accounts have been called for. The time has come when Europe must know that the forcible parasitism which she has been practising upon the two large Continents of the world–the two most unwieldy whales of humanity–must be causing to her moral nature a gradual atrophy and degenera tion. As an example, let me quote the following extract from the concluding chapter of From the Cape to Cairo, by Messrs. Grogan and Sharp, two writers who have the power to inculcate their doctrines by precept and example. In their reference to the African they are candid, as when they say, â€Å"We have stolen his land. Now we must steal his limbs.† These two sentences, carefully articulated, with a smack of enjoyment, have been more clearly explained in the following statement, where some sense of that decency which is the attenuated ghost of a buried conscience, prompts the writers to use the phrase â€Å"compulsory labour† in place of the honest word â€Å"slavery†; just as the modern politician adroitly avoids the word â€Å"injunction† and uses the word â€Å"mandate.† â€Å"Compulsory labour in some form,† they say, â€Å"is the corollary of our occupation of the country.† And they add: â€Å"It is pathetic, but it is history,† implying thereby that moral sentiments have no serious effect in the history of human beings. Elsewhere they write: â€Å"Either we must give up the country commercially, or we must make the African work. And mere abuse of those who point out the impasse cannot change the facts. We must decide, and soon. Or rather the white man of South Africa will decide.† The authors also confess that they have seen too much of the world â€Å"to have any lingering belief that Western civilisation benefits native races.† The logic is simple–the logic of egoism. But the argument is simplified by lopping off the greater part of the premise. For these writers seem to hold that the only important question for the white men of South Africa is, how indefinitely to grow fat on ostrich feathers and diamond mines, and dance jazz dances over the misery and degradation of a whole race of fellow-beings of a different colour from their own. Possibly they believe that moral laws have a special domesticated breed of comfortable concessions for the service of the people in power. Possibly they ignore the fact that commercial and political cannibalism, profitably practised upon foreign races, creeps back nearer home; that the cultivation of unwholesome appetites has its final reckoning with the stomach which has been made to serve it. For, after all, man is a spiritual being, and not a mere living money-bag jumping from profit to profit, and breaking the backbone of human races in its financial leapfrog. Such, however, has been the condition of things for more than a century; and to-day, trying to read the future by the light of the European conflagration, we are asking ourselves everywhere in the East: â€Å"Is this frightfully overgrown power really great? It can bruise us from without, but can it add to our wealth of spirit? It can sign peace treaties, but can it give peace?† It was about two thousand years ago that all-powerful Rome in one of its eastern provinces executed on a cross a simple teacher of an obscure tribe of fishermen. On that day the Roman governor felt no falling off of his appetite or sleep. On that day there was, on the one hand, the agony, the humiliation, the death; on the other, the pomp of pride and festivity in the Governor’s palace. And to-day? To whom, then, shall we bow the head? Kasmai devaya havisha vidhema? (To which God shall we offer oblation?) We know of an instance in our own history of India, when a great personality, both in his life and voice, struck the keynote of the solemn music of the soul–love for all creatures. And that music crossed seas, mountains, and deserts. Races belonging to different climates, habits, and languages were drawn together, not in the clash of arms, not in the conflict of exploitation, but in harmony of life, in amity and peace. That was creation. When we think of it, we see at once what the confusion of thought was to which the Western poet, dwelling upon the difference between East and West, referred when he said, â€Å"Never the twain shall meet.† It is true that they are not yet showing any real sign of meeting. But the reason is because the West has not sent out its humanity to meet the man in the East, but only its machine. Therefore the poet’s line has to be changed into something like this: Man is man, machine is machine, And never the twain shall wed. You must know that red tape can never be a common human bond; that official sealing-wax can never provide means of mutual attachment; that it is a painful ordeal for human beings to have to receive favours from animated pigeonholes, and condescensions from printed circulars that give notice but never speak. The presence of the Western people in the East is a human fact. If we are to gain anything from them, it must not be a mere sum-total of legal codes and systems of civil and military services. Man is a great deal more to man than that. We have our human birthright to claim direct help from the man of the West, if he has anything great to give us. It must come to us, not through mere facts in a juxtaposition, but through the spontaneous sacrifice made by those who have the gift, and therefore the responsibility. Earnestly I ask the poet of the Western world to realise and sing to you with all the great power of music which he has, that the East and the West are ever in search of ea ch other, and that they must meet not merely in the fulness of physical strength, but in fulness of truth; that the right hand, which wields the sword, has the need of the left, which holds the shield of safety. The East has its seat in the vast plains watched over by the snow-peaked mountains and fertilised by rivers carrying mighty volumes of water to the sea. There, under the blaze of a tropical sun, the physical life has bedimmed the light of its vigour and lessened its claims. There man has had the repose of mind which has ever tried to set itself in harmony with the inner notes of existence. In the silence of sunrise and sunset, and on star-crowded nights, he has sat face to face with the Infinite, waiting for the revelation that opens up the heart of all that there is. He has said, in a rapture of realisation: â€Å"Hearken to me, ye children of the Immortal, who dwell in the Kingdom of Heaven. I have known, from beyond darkness, the Supreme Person, shining with the radiance of the sun.† The man from the East, with his faith in the eternal, who in his soul had met the touch of the Supreme Person–did he never come to you in the West and speak to you of the Kingdom of Heaven? Did he not unite the East and the West in truth, in the unity of one spiritual bond between all children of the Immortal, in the realisation of one great Personality in all human persons? Yes, the East did once meet the West profoundly in the growth of her life. Such union became possible, because the East came to the West with the ideal that is creative, and not with the passion that destroys moral bonds. The mystic consciousness of the Infinite, which she brought with her, was greatly needed by the man of the West to give him his balance. On the other hand, the East must find her own balance in Science–the magnificent gift that the West can bring to her. Truth has its nest as well as its sky. That nest is definite in structure, accurate in law of construction; and though it has to be changed and rebuilt over and over again, the need of it is never-ending and its laws are eternal. For some centuries the East has neglected the nest-building of truth. She has not been attentive to learn its secret. Trying to cross the trackless infinite, the East has relied solely upon her wings. She has spurned the earth, till, buffeted by storms, her wings are hurt and she is tired, sorely needing help. But has she then to be told that the messenger of the sky and the builder of the nest shall never meet?